What caffeine is, the energizing substance in coffee

Coffee: The Drink of Awakening

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, a symbol of conviviality and tradition, especially in Italy. The typical espresso cup, an essential part of Italian mornings, is considered the ultimate awakening ritual. But what makes coffee so special is not just its intense aroma: the credit goes mainly to caffeine, a substance that provides energy and concentration, making coffee a true natural energy drink.

Its consumption is deeply rooted in the daily culture of many countries, particularly as a morning drink to accompany breakfast, with variations ranging from Italian espresso to American filter coffee, to the traditional Turkish coffee.

The Chemistry of Caffeine

Caffeine is a natural alkaloid belonging to the methylxanthine family. Its chemical formula is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂, and it acts as a stimulant for the central nervous system.

Once ingested, caffeine is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches the brain, where it blocks adenosine, a neurotransmitter responsible for the sensation of drowsiness. This mechanism explains why coffee helps people feel more awake and focused.

The Caffeine Content in Arabica and Robusta Beans

Not all coffee contains the same amount of caffeine. Arabica beans, known for their sweeter and more aromatic taste, contain on average between 0.8% and 1.4% caffeine. Robusta beans, on the other hand, have a higher caffeine content, ranging from 1.7% to 2.5%. This difference not only affects the flavor but also makes Robusta coffee a better choice for those looking for a higher energy boost.

The Pros of Caffeine

Caffeine offers numerous benefits:

• Improves concentration and attention: It stimulates the central nervous system, helping to maintain high alertness.
• Increases physical performance: It promotes the release of adrenaline, improving endurance during exercise.
• Antioxidant effect: Coffee contains compounds that combat free radicals, helping protect cells from oxidative stress.
• Supports digestion: An espresso after a meal can help stimulate gastric secretion.

The Cons of Caffeine

Despite its benefits, excessive caffeine consumption can have negative effects:

• Insomnia and agitation: High doses of caffeine can interfere with sleep and increase anxiety.
• Dependence: Regular caffeine consumption can lead to mild dependence.
• Gastrointestinal effects: In some people, coffee can cause acidity or stomach irritation.
• Cardiovascular risks: In sensitive individuals, excessive caffeine can raise blood pressure.

Coffee and Milk: A Special Combination

Coffee with milk is a combination that blends taste and functionality. This union is appreciated not only for its pleasant flavor but also for the practical benefits it offers. Here are some of the main aspects that make this combination special:

• Smoother and creamier taste: Milk makes the coffee less intense, adding a note of sweetness and creaminess.
• Reduces acidity: For those with sensitive stomachs, milk can lower the acidity of coffee.
• Gradual energizing effect: Milk slows down the absorption of caffeine, prolonging its stimulating effect.
• Added nutritional value: The proteins and calcium in milk enrich coffee, turning it into a more complete beverage.

Drinks like cappuccino or latte macchiato represent this combination and are loved worldwide for their balance of flavor and tradition.

Decaffeinated Coffee and Decaffeination

For those who want to enjoy the taste of coffee without the effects of caffeine, decaffeinated coffee is an excellent option. The decaffeination process usually occurs before roasting the beans and can be done using chemical solvents, water, or carbon dioxide. Although the caffeine content is drastically reduced, a small amount remains, generally less than 0.1%.

If you're interested in decaffeinated coffee, we invite you to read our dedicated article: Decaffeinated coffee: how it’s made.

Other Foods Containing Caffeine

Caffeine is not only found in coffee. Here are other foods and beverages that contain it:

• Tea: Especially black and green tea, which contain theine, a form of caffeine.
• Chocolate: Especially dark chocolate, which is rich in cocoa.
• Energy drinks: They often contain high concentrations of caffeine to boost energy.
• Certain medications: Some painkillers and concentration supplements include caffeine to enhance their effectiveness.

Caffeine: An Eclectic Substance

Caffeine is a versatile and powerful substance, loved for its stimulating effects but requiring responsible consumption. Understanding how and where it is present can help people enjoy its benefits while minimizing potential risks.